Replica Watches: October 2013

2013-10-31

A first step in learning by imitation, baby brains respond to another's actions

Now researchers from the University of Washington and Temple University have found the first evidence revealing a key aspect of the brain processing that occurs in babies to allow this learning by observation.

The findings, published online Oct. 30 by PLOS ONE, are the first to show that babies' brains showed specific activation patterns when an adult performed a task with different parts of her body. When 14-month-old babies simply watched an adult use her hand to touch a toy, the hand area of the baby's brain lit up. When another group of infants watched an adult touch the toy using only her foot, the foot area of the baby's brain showed more activity.

"Babies are exquisitely careful people-watchers, and they're primed to learn from others," said Andrew Meltzoff, co-author and co-director of the UW Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences. "And now we see that when babies watch someone else, it activates their own brains. This study is a first step in understanding the neuroscience of how babies learn through imitation."

The study took advantage of how the brain is organized. The sensory and motor area of the cortex, the outer portion of the brain known for its creased appearance, is arranged by body part with each area of the body represented in identifiable neural real estate. Prick your finger, stick out your tongue, or kick a ball and distinct areas of the brain light up according to a somatotopic map.

Other studies show that adults show this somatotopic brain activation while watching someone else use different body parts, suggesting that adults understand the actions of others in relation to their own bodies. The researchers wondered whether the same would be true in babies.

The 70 infants in the study wore electroencephalogram, or EEG, caps with embedded sensors that detected brain activity in the regions of the cortex that respond to movement or touch of the feet and hands. Sitting on a parent's lap, each baby watched as an experimenter touched a toy placed on a low table between the baby and the experimenter.

The toy had a clear plastic dome and was mounted on a sturdy base. When the experimenter pressed the dome with her hand or foot, music played and confetti in the dome spun. The experimenter repeated the action -- taking breaks after every four presses -- until the baby lost interest.

"Our findings show that when babies see others produce actions with a particular body part, their brains are activated in a corresponding way," said Joni Saby, lead author and a psychology graduate student at Temple University in Philadelphia. "This mapping may facilitate imitation and could play a role in the baby's ability to then produce the same actions themselves."

One of the basics for babies to learn is how to copy what they see adults do. In other words, they must first know that it is indeed their hand and not their foot, mouth or other body part that is needed.

The new study shows that babies' brains are organized in a somatotopic way that helps crack the interpersonal code. The connection between doing and seeing actions maps hand to hand, foot to foot, all before they can name those body parts through language.

"The reason this is exciting is that it gives insight into a crucial aspect of imitation," said co-author Peter Marshall, an associate psychology professor at Temple University. "To imitate the action of another person, babies first need to register what body part the other person used. Our findings suggest that babies do this in a particular way by mapping the actions of the other person onto their own body."

Meltzoff added, "The neural system of babies directly connects them to other people, which jump-starts imitation and social-emotional connectedness and bonding. Babies look at you and see themselves."

The National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation funded the study.

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AMD显卡全球份额不断攀升有望占领40%市场

台湾显卡厂商指出，R9/R7系列发布以来，AMD的全球份额不断攀升，有望在未来半年内升至40%。根据市调机构JRP此前的数据，今年第二季度的全球独立显卡市场上，AMD的份额为38.0%，环比增加了2.3个百分点，但不如去年同期的40.3%。

如果厂商的预言成真，那对AMD来说也没什么特别值得高兴的，仅仅是经过两年的挣扎，回到了当初的较高水平而已。

第三季度，AMD取得了4800万美元的净利润，定制芯片和稳定的桌面出货量是主要动力，但是笔记本相关产品出货量大幅下滑，移动GPU收入也在倒退。

市场观察人士大多对AMD第四季度的业绩持保守态度，不过也有人期待AMD的显卡业务可以推动其盈利能力。

此外，AMD日前还曾经表示会努力提高FirePro专业显卡的份额，目前区区的18%显然无法令人满意。

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微软：杀毒软件无法保护Windows XP

微软计划在2014年年初淘汰Windows XP，因此Windows XP很快便会成为不安全的操作系统，微软一直说服Windows XP的用户不要再使用此系统。

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How the universe's violent youth seeded cosmos with iron

New evidence that iron is spread evenly between the galaxies in one of the largest galaxy clusters in the universe supports the theory that the universe underwent a turbulent and violent youth more than 10 billion years ago. That explosive period was responsible for seeding the cosmos with iron and other heavy elements that are critical to life itself.

Researchers from the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (KIPAC), jointly run by Stanford University and the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, shed light on this important era by analyzing 84 sets of X-ray telescope observations from the Japanese-US Suzaku satellite. Their results appear in the Oct. 31 issue of the journal Nature.

In particular, the researchers looked at iron distribution throughout the Perseus cluster, a large grouping of galaxies about 250 million light-years away.

"We saw that iron is spread out between the galaxies remarkably smoothly," said Norbert Werner, an astrophysicist at KIPAC and lead author of the paper. "That means it had to be present in the intergalactic gas before the Perseus cluster formed."

The even distribution of these elements supports the idea that they were created at least 10 billion to 12 billion years ago. According to the paper, during this time of intense star formation, billions of exploding stars created vast quantities of heavy elements in the alchemical furnaces of their own destruction. This was also the epoch when black holes in the hearts of galaxies were at their most energetic.

"The combined energy of these cosmic phenomena must have been strong enough to expel most of the metals from the galaxies at early times and to enrich and mix the intergalactic gas," said co-author and KIPAC graduate student Ondrej Urban.

To settle the question of whether the heavy elements created by supernovae remain mostly in their home galaxies or are spread out through intergalactic space, the researchers looked through the Perseus cluster in eight different directions. They focused on the hot, 10-million-degree gas that fills the spaces between galaxies and found the spectroscopic signature of iron reaching all the way to the cluster's edges.

The researchers estimate that the amount of iron in the cluster is roughly equivalent to the mass of 50 billion suns.

"We think most of the iron came from a single type of supernovae, called Type Ia supernovae," said former KIPAC member and co-author Aurora Simionescu, who is currently with the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency as an International Top Young Fellow.

In a Type Ia supernova, a star explodes and releases all its material to the void. The researchers believe that at least 40 billion Type Ia supernovae must have exploded within a relatively short period on cosmological time scales in order to release that much iron and have the force to drive it out of the galaxies.

The results suggest that the Perseus cluster is probably not unique and that iron -- along with other heavy elements -- is evenly spread throughout all massive galaxy clusters, said Steven Allen, a KIPAC associate professor and head of the research team.

"You are older than you think -- or at least, some of the iron in your blood is older, formed in galaxies millions of light years away and billions of years ago," Simionescu said.

The researchers are now looking for iron in other clusters and eagerly awaiting a mission capable of measuring the concentrations of elements in the hot gas with greater accuracy.

"With measurements like these, the Suzaku satellite is having a profound impact on our understanding of how the largest structures in our universe grow," Allen said. "We're really looking forward to what further data can tell us."

The research was supported by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency and by the US Department of Energy.

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Lava world baffles astronomers: Planet Kepler-78b 'shouldn't exist'

Oct. 30, 2013 — Kepler-78b is a planet that shouldn't exist. This scorching lava world circles its star every eight and a half hours at a distance of less than one million miles -- one of the tightest known orbits. According to current theories of planet formation, it couldn't have formed so close to its star, nor could it have moved there.

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"This planet is a complete mystery," says astronomer David Latham of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA). "We don't know how it formed or how it got to where it is today. What we do know is that it's not going to last forever."

"Kepler-78b is going to end up in the star very soon, astronomically speaking," agrees CfA astronomer Dimitar Sasselov.

Not only is Kepler-78b a mystery world, it is the first known Earth-sized planet with an Earth-like density. Kepler-78b is about 20 percent larger than Earth, with a diameter of 9,200 miles, and weighs almost twice as much. As a result it has a density similar to Earth's, which suggests an Earth-like composition of iron and rock.

The tight orbit of Kepler-78b poses a challenge to theorists. When this planetary system was forming, the young star was larger than it is now. As a result, the current orbit of Kepler-78b would have been inside the swollen star.

"It couldn't have formed in place because you can't form a planet inside a star. It couldn't have formed further out and migrated inward, because it would have migrated all the way into the star. This planet is an enigma," explains Sasselov.

According to Latham, Kepler-78b is a member of a new class of planets recently identified in data from NASA's Kepler spacecraft. These newfound worlds all orbit their stars with periods of less than 12 hours. They're also small, about the size of Earth. Kepler-78b is the first planet in the new class to have its mass measured.

"Kepler-78b is the poster child for this new class of planets," notes Latham.

The team studied Kepler-78b using a newly commissioned, high-precision spectrograph known as HARPS-North, at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma. They coordinated their work with a second, independent team using the HIRES spectrograph at the Keck Observatory. The teams' measurements agreed with each other, increasing their confidence in the result.

Kepler-78b is a doomed world. Gravitational tides will draw it even closer to its star. Eventually it will move so close that the star's gravity will rip the world apart. Theorists predict that Kepler-78b will vanish within three billion years.

Interestingly, our solar system could have held a planet like Kepler-78b. If it had, the planet would have been destroyed long ago leaving no signs for astronomers today.

Kepler-78b orbits a Sun-like G-type star located 400 light-years from Earth in the constellation Cygnus.

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The secret math of plants: Biologists uncover rules that govern leaf design

The UCLA team discovered the mathematical relationships using "allometric analysis," which looks at how the proportions of parts of an organism change with differences in total size. This approach has been used by scientists since Galileo but had never before been applied to the interior of leaves.

Reporting in the October issue of the American Journal of Botany, the biologists focused on how leaf anatomy varies across leaves of different sizes. They examined plant species from around the world, all grown on the UCLA campus.

While it is easy to observe major differences in leaf surface area among species, they said, differences in leaf thickness are less obvious but equally important.

"Once you start rubbing leaves between your fingers, you can feel that some leaves are floppy and thin, while others are rigid and thick," said Grace John, a UCLA doctoral student in ecology and evolutionary biology and lead author of the research. "We started with the simplest questions -- but ones that had never been answered clearly -- such as whether leaves that are thicker or larger in area are constructed of different sizes or types of cells."

The researchers embedded pieces of leaf in plastic and cut cross-sections thinner than a single cell to observe each leaf's microscopic layout. This allowed them to test the underlying relationship between cell and tissue dimensions and leaf size across species.

Leaves are made up of three basic tissues, each containing cells with particular functions: the outer layer, or epidermis; the mesophyll, which contains cells that conduct photosynthesis; and the vascular tissue, whose cells are involved in water and sugar transport. The team found that the thicker the leaf, the larger the size of the cells in all of its tissues -- except in the vascular tissue.

These relationships also applied to the components of the individual cells. Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are surrounded by carbohydrate-based cell walls, and the scientists discovered that the larger cells of thicker leaves are surrounded by thicker cell walls, in a strict proportionality.

The team was surprised by the "extraordinary" strength of the relationships linking cell size, cell-wall thickness and leaf thickness across diverse and distantly related plant species. These relationships can be described by new, simple mathematical equations, effectively allowing scientists to predict the dimension of cells and cell walls based on the thickness of a leaf. In most cases, the relationships the team found were what is known as "isometric."

"This means that if a leaf has a larger cell in one tissue, it has a larger cell in another tissue, in direct proportion, as if you blew up the leaf and all its cells using Photoshop," said Christine Scoffoni, a doctoral student at UCLA and member of the research team.

By contrast, a leaf's area is unrelated to the sizes of the cells inside. This allows plants to produce leaves with a huge range of surface areas without the need for larger cells, which would be inefficient in function, the researchers said.

The team hypothesized that these strong mathematical relationships arise from leaf development -- the process by which leaves form on the branch, growing from a few cells that divide into many, with cells then expanding until the leaf is fully mature. Because light can penetrate only so many layers of cells, leaves cannot vary much in the number of cells arranged vertically. The expansion of individual cells and their cell walls occurs simultaneously and is reflected in the thickness of the whole leaf. On the other hand, the number of cells arranged horizontally in the leaf continues to increase as leaves expand, regardless of the size of the individual cells.

The new ability to predict the internal anatomy of leaves from their thickness can give clues to the function of the leaf, because leaf thickness affects both the overall photosynthetic rate and the lifespan, said Sack.

"A minor difference in thickness tells us more about the layout inside the leaf than a much more dramatic difference in leaf area," John said.

The design of the leaf provides insights into how larger structures can be constructed without losing function or stability.

"Fundamental discoveries like these highlight the elegant solutions evolved by natural systems," Sack said. "Plant anatomy often has been perceived as boring. Quantitative discoveries like these prove how exciting this science can be. We need to start re-establishing skill sets in this type of fundamental science to extract practical lessons from the mysteries of nature.

"There are so many properties of leaves we cannot yet imitate synthetically," he added. "Leaves are providing us with the blueprints for bigger, better things. We just have to look close enough to read them."

The new allometric equations are an important step toward understanding the design of leaves on a cellular basis, John said. And because leaves are so diverse, she said, there is much to learn. In future research, the group will study species that are very closely related in an effort to uncover any evolutionary relationships between leaf design and function.

"What makes the cross-sections especially exciting is the huge variation from one species to the next," John said. "Some have relatively enormous cells in certain tissues, and cell shapes vary from cylindrical to star-shaped. Each species is beautiful in its distinctiveness. All of this variation needs decoding."

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Business Tabs vs Notebooks; Samsung vs Apple

2013/10/30

IHS PC shipments Although notebook PC shipments reached 47.9 million units in Q3, up 6% from Q2 the market was 5% down on last year’s Q3, says IHS.

Q3 is the fifth consecutive quarter of y-o-y decline starting from Q2 2012 more than one year ago.

The market faces its second consecutive year of decline.

‘Mobile PCs continue to be engaged in a losing battle against tablets,’ says IHS.

Apple shipped 14.25 million iPads in Q3 – both mini and 10 inch – representing 29.7% of unit shipments, but a decrease from Apple’s Q2 shipments of 14.62 million and its market share of 33.5%.

Samsung shipped 10.7 million tablets in Q3 for a 22.2% share.

This time last year, Samsung had 14.1% share while Apple had 42.4% share.

‘The surge in sub-$250 alternatives catapulted Android to the leading operating system in tablets in the third quarter of 2012, but left vendors searching for profit in an increasingly competitive market,’ says IHS.

By contrast, Apple actually increased its revenue per iPad unit in Q3 by $3.

Apple recently passed the 170 million mark in terms of cumulative units sold since the launch of the first iPad.

Samsung, its closest competitor, has shipped 54 million units since it arrived in the tablet market in the fourth quarter of 2010.

Asus grew its Nexus 7 tablet sales 87% in Q3, and Lenovo grew its tablet sales 94.6%.

However, adds IHS: ‘Little-known, regional vendors based in China have blanketed the globe with minimally configured, Android-based, 7.x-inch tablets at price points of $100 or less.’

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Go ahead, dunk your cell phone in salt water

Oct. 30, 2013 — Barrier films, used in everything from food and drug packaging to consumer electronics and solar cells, help prevent your food from spoiling, help to preserve medication, and protect your electronics from damage due to exposure to air or a splash of water. Now a group of researchers in Georgia have developed a new way to produce better films using atomic layer deposition.

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These are not the flimsy films of plastic that may seal a package of cookies. High-end barrier films that safeguard your phone's high-tech organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display from every whiff of oxygen or molecule of water vapor require higher performance transparent materials such as metal oxides.

Existing methods for manufacturing these high-performance barriers aren't perfect. Due to the way they're made, they often have small defects, resulting in tiny holes that let in water or oxygen. That's why Samuel Graham and his colleagues at the Georgia Institute of Technology have been exploring how to use atomic layer deposition to produce better barrier films. At the AVS 60th International Symposium and Exhibition, held in Long Beach, Calif. Oct. 27 -- Nov. 1, Graham will discuss some of the latest developments in this effort.

Graham and his colleagues have created new barrier films that can protect electronics in very harsh environments -- when submerged in salt water for months, for example.

"By creating such barrier films, we are able to extend the lifetime and reliability of electronic devices," Graham said. The new coatings can be used for electronics such as implantable biomedical devices, light-emitting diodes (LED) used in solid-state lighting and displays, solar cells, and organic electrochromic windows, which go from opaque to clear when a voltage is applied. Barrier films will play a large role in the development of many future electronic devices made with organic materials, Graham added.

How Atomic Layer Deposition Works

High-performance barrier films are usually made with techniques such as sputter deposition or plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. In these methods, material is either "sprayed" onto a substrate or grown from a plasma, creating a thin layer that becomes the film. Although efficient and common in industry, these techniques often result in defects, requiring multiple coatings to create good barrier films.

With atomic layer deposition, the researchers have precise control down to the molecular level, allowing them to make thin, even films that have minimal defects. In this process, the researchers surround a substrate with a gas containing a particular metal atom like aluminum. The molecules of the gas attach themselves onto the substrate, forming a single layer of atoms. Next, excess gas is removed from the chamber and another gas is introduced that then oxidizes the metal, creating a metal oxide that's impervious to air or water. The process is repeated to reach the desired thickness, which is only about 10 nanometers. In contrast, films made with more conventional techniques are tens to hundreds of times thicker.

Companies are already developing and selling atomic layer deposition technology, Graham says. But for wide-scale commercial use, more work needs to be done to improve the technology, how fast the materials are deposited, and the chemical stability and mechanical reliability of the films.

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2013-10-30

Altera Stratix 10 SoC FPGA最新技术细节曝光，采用四核ARM Cortex-A53

自今年6月透露将采用英特尔14nm三栅极工艺生产下一代SoC FPGA产品Stratix 10以来，Altera的这款最新产品的技术细节一直受到大家的关注，考虑到英特尔和ARM的微妙关系，Stratix 10将采用什么样的CPU内核一时间成为最大悬念，继续采用ARM内核，还是有可能引入英特尔的内核?

就在最近，Altera终于为Stratix 10再揭开一层面纱，透露核心架构组成，其中CPU将采用四核64位ARM Cortex-A53，同时集成硬核浮点DSP模块和1GHz级的逻辑单元。Altera嵌入式处理营销资深总监Chris Balough表示，Altera已经就Stratix 10的IP授权和生产分别与ARM和英特尔达成协议，Stratix 10将于2014年第四季度交付流片。

Altera嵌入式处理营销资深总监Chris Balough

Stratix 10为FPGA带来更多可能

基于强大的核心架构，同时因为采用14nm工艺，Stratix 10的整体性能可以说很值得期待。较之28nm工艺的SoC FPGA产品，Stratix 10的FPGA性能实现2倍提升，功耗降低70%，CPU的吞吐量提高6倍以上，DSP硬核的浮点运算能力将超过10T级。

这里Chris也提到，Altera之所以选择ARM Cortex-A53作为CPU内核，一方面是因为Cortex-A53是目前所有64位处理器中功效最高的，同时它的软件与前一代兼容，可以简化系统的开发设计，另一方面Cortex-A53的目标市场与Stratix 10重叠。借助四核Cortex-A53的架构，Stratix 10可实现的典型应用包括数据中心计算加速中的异构计算、网络和传输中的智能线路卡以及雷达中的异构计算等等。在这些典型应用中，CPU通常承担负荷均衡、流控制以及FPGA资源配置和电源管理等工作，DSP则主要完成浮点运算、矩阵预算和波形处理等功能，FPGA则完成各种数据和信号处理、桥接、纠错、MAC/PHY以及加密引擎等等更复杂的数据处理功能。

同时针对日益复杂的FPGA系统开发，Altera同期发布了最新的基于OpenCL的Altera SDK工具解决方案，利用OpenCL的开源软件的支持，帮助客户更轻松的实现产品设计。另外，Altera此前与ARM合作发布的ARM DS-5 Altera版也将做相应的升级以支持最新的Stratix 10。

幕后花絮

Stratix 10的发布可以说会将高端FPGA的性能提升一个数量级。而Altera这款产品的发布引发的一些话题我们可以来聊一聊也和大家探讨一下：

1. Altera和赛灵思接下来的竞争格局

赛灵思发言人曾确认此前各个工艺节点上赛灵思和Altera通常是交替占优，目前我们看到的28nm节点上赛灵思似乎风头更胜，这让大家都盯着下一个节点，看Altera是否能重新掌握主动，从Altera目前的动作来看也确实求成心切。

而不同于以往的你放唱罢我登场，这次赛灵思似乎选择了沉默，Altera这边热热闹闹的吆喝着20nm和14nm的下一代产品时间表，赛灵思却有点我自岿然不动的意思，选择了不理不睬，而是一直埋头于现有的硬件和软件产品平台的完善和扩展。

之所以会有这种局面出现，我想有几方面的因素促成：首先，和移动运营商的竞争一样，在3G处劣势的移动卖命呼唤4G的到来，而联通和电信因为3G市场的优势则先动力不足，赛灵思和Altera也是如此，赛灵思自然不愿过早进入下一个工艺节点，而是想让28nm产品进入更多市场和应用设计，为自己争得更多的客户;其次，我的猜测，赛灵思确实没料到Altera会有转投英特尔工艺这一招，而面对Altera的下一代20nm和14nm产品同时推出的规划，赛灵思多少有些措手不及，尤其Stratix 10产品的高规格，在没有想好要如何应对之前，也就不会参与到对手的前期宣传攻势中;最后，我们不得不说，Altera公布的Stratix 10的流片时间是在2014年第四季度，还有1年的时间，赛灵思虽然没有跟进，但相信其研发部门一定是在加紧动作规划下一代的FPGA产品，对下一个工艺节点的市场争夺究竟结果如何，现在下定论还为时尚早。

2. Altera和英特尔将向何处去

作为一家独大一直傲视群雄的英特尔，近年来却频频向FPGA厂商投出橄榄枝，从此前的Archronix、Tabula，到Altera，这一方面和FPGA产品发展表现出的对先进制程的依赖性有关，同时也有越来越多的人揣测英特尔可能有意将FPGA纳入自己的产品线，联想到高端FPGA越来越多的进入通信市场，和英特尔目标市场的重叠性，似乎不能排除这种可能性。甚至我也曾以为Altera最新的基于14nm工艺的FPGA产品有可能采用英特尔的CPU内核。

但此次Altera发布会上Chris表示，英特尔从不会向第三方授权自己的CPU内核，Altera和英特尔的合作仅限于工艺生产。而此前在和Altera的协议中，英特尔也曾表示不会收购FPGA厂商。这让Altera和英特尔的未来走向变得更加不可捉摸。

3. 对英特尔和ARM而言又有什么意义?

此次Altera发布的Stratix 10采用了ARM最新的64 Cortex-A53内核，而ARM推出Cortex-A53/A57这一系列64位处理器的目标市场就是进入更高端的通信、数据中心领域，外界纷纷猜测这是ARM在移动终端市场的胜利之后，要和英特尔全面开战了。

而这次英特尔就坦然的接受了集成有ARM 64位内核且目标市场在通信领域的Stratix 10的代工，一方面要感叹英特尔的王者气度，另一方面也让我怀疑ARM进军通信领域其实对英特尔并不构成威胁。

作为一个门外汉，至少我对ARM的简化指令集的处理器架构以及英特尔的复杂指令集的处理器架构并不了解，也不清楚在移动计算领域占尽风光的ARM是否在通信服务器、数据中心等计算市场仍有优势，而英特尔和ARM作为这一领域的权威和专家，他们一定更清楚彼此的长处和劣势，英特尔之所以能做出这样的姿态，肯定是基于它对对手的产品及其未来发展可能的掌控。

此次Stratix 10的典型应用中我们也看到，它针对的确实也是加速器和线卡等市场，并未涉及主处理器市场。此前也有人预测ARM的64位处理器的终极目标还是进入移动终端，而服务器、数据中心等对它来说是想要一试身手的新兴市场。

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Power Supplies XP Power launches 200W green power supplies

2013/10/29

XPE0174-CCB200 XP Power has introduced 200W AC-DC power supplies for medical and industrial use called CCB200 series.

Suiting convection cooled applications that require a very high efficiency in an open frame design, the series has a typical efficiency of 94% and a maximum of 95%, with a flat efficiency curve across the entire operating load range above 20%. Compared to typical 200 Watt supplies, the CCB200, when delivering full power, generates 50% less dissipated heat, resulting in significantly lower component temperatures and therefore an increased product lifetime.

The high efficiency has enabled the convection-cooled units to be packaged in an industry standard 76.2 x 127.0 x 36.32 mm (3.0 x 5.0 x 1.43 inches), usually used for forced-cooled power supplies of this rating. No load power consumption is less than 0.5 W.

The series conforms to the ANSI/AAMI ES60601-1 medical 3^rd edition safety standard and has approval for use in body floating (BF) applications where a patient applied part is used without the need for a further isolation stage. The CCB200 also complies with the internationally recognized UL/EN609501-1 safety standard for IT equipment.

Due to the high efficiency the CCB200 can deliver the full 200 Watt continuous output power over an extended temperature range from – 20 to +70 degrees C without any derating, and up to +85 degrees C with derating. The industry norm is typically + 50 degrees C before derating applies.

The technology employed in the CCB200 ensures the ultra high efficiency rating is achieved from 90 VAC input, unlike current products in the market that have lower efficiencies at low line and therefore have to specify derating. The full operating range of the CCB200 series is 80 – 300 VAC, with full power available from 90 – 264 VAC.

A total of 5 models are available providing the popular nominal outputs from + 12 to +48 VDC. A user trim function provides output voltage adjustment of -4 to + 5% of stated nominal in order to accommodate load losses.

Protection features and control signals include power fail signal, remote sense and remote on/off.

The CCB200 is available from approved regional distributors, or direct from XP Power and come with a 3 year warranty

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Analogue / Linear / Mixed Signal ICs ON Semi voltage controllers are AEC-qualified

2013/10/29

ONSPR2688_NCV8876_LRES ON Semiconductor has introduced two AEC-qualified ICs with wide input voltage operational temperature ranges for use in automotive powertrain and in-cabin systems.

Running off a 2V to 44V input voltage, the NCV8876 non-synchronous boost controller with automatic wake up and shutdown functions is designed to supply a minimum output voltage during start-stop conditions in order to counteract any sag in the vehicle’s battery voltage.

The NCV8876 is enabled when the supply voltage drops below 7.2V, then boost operation is initiated once this voltage goes under 6.8V, with the IC driving an external N-channel MOSFET.

A quiescent current of just 11µA is drawn when the device is in sleep mode so that power consumption is minimised.

The NCV896530 2.1MHz switching frequency dual channel step-down DC-DC converter is targeted at the sophisticated driver assistance systems now being incorporated into modern vehicles.

Both of its channels are externally adjustable (covering 0.9V to 3.3V) and can source currents up to 1600mA.

The NCV8876 and NCV896530 both support a junction temperature range of−40 °C to 150 °C.

The NCV8876 is offered in an SOIC-8 package and the NCV896530 is enclosed in a DFN-10 package.

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Scientists reduce behaviors associated with problem gambling in rats

The study, which featured the first successful modeling of slot machine-style gambling with rats in North America, is the first to show that problem gambling behaviours can be treated with drugs that block dopamine D4 receptors. The findings have been published in Biological Psychiatry journal.

"More work is needed, but these findings offer new hope for the treatment of gambling addiction, which is a growing public health concern," says Paul Cocker, lead author of the study and a PhD student in UBC's Dept. of Psychology. "This study sheds important new light on the brain processes involved with gambling and gambling addictions."

For the study, rats gambled for sugar pellets using a slot machine-style device that featured three flashing lights and two levers they could push with their paws. The rats exhibited several behaviours associated with problem gambling such as the tendency to treat "near misses" similar to wins.

Building on previous research, the team focused on the dopamine D4 receptor, which has been linked to a variety of behavioural disorders, but never proven useful in treatment. The study found that rats treated with a dopamine D4 receptor-blocking medication exhibited reduced levels of behaviours associated with problem gambling.

While findings suggest that blocking the D4 dopamine receptor may help to reduce pathological gambling behaviours in humans, the researchers note that further research is needed before the drugs can be considered a viable pharmaceutical treatment for pathological gambling in humans.

Background

"Pathological gambling is increasingly seen as a behavioural addiction similar to drug or alcohol addiction, but we know comparatively little about how to treat problem gambling," says Cocker. "Our study is the first to show that by blocking these receptors we might be able to reduce the rewarding aspects of near-misses that appear to be important in gambling."

Methods: In the 16-month study, a cohort of 32 laboratory rats responded to a series of three flashing lights before choosing between two levers. One combination of lights (all lights illuminated) signaled a win and seven combinations (zero, one or two lights) signaled a loss. A "cash-out" lever rewarded the rat with 10 sugar pellets on winning trials, but gave a 10-second "time out" penalty on losing trails. The "roll again" lever allowed the rats to begin a new trial without penalty, but provided no sugar pellets.

Interestingly, the rats showed a tendency towards choosing the cash-out lever when two lights (near-miss) illuminated, suggesting that rats, like people, are susceptible to the near-miss effect. By blocking the D4 receptors with drugs, the researchers were successfully able to reduce the rat's choice of the "cash-out" lever on non-winning trials.

The D4 blocker drug used in the study has previously been tested on humans in attempts to treat behaviour disorders like schizophrenia but appeared to have no effect.

Near misses: This common cognitive bias is considered an important factor in the development of pathological gambling problems. The fact that slot machines tend to have a relatively high proportion of near-misses in comparison to other gambling games may be the reason that slot machines are such a particularly addictive form of gambling.

Problem gambling: Compulsive gambling affects between three and five percent of North Americans, according to recent statistics.

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